NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY
NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2: SELECT A GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUE AFFECTING THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COMMUNITY
Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues. NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
A global health issue affecting the international health community is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially heart disease and stroke. According to WHO (n.d.), about 17 million people die of heart attacks and strokes every year.NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of these deaths, a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (n.d.). A sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating are also risk factors influencing CVDs.
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The total burden of CVDs is illustrated in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost meaning healthy years of life lost. The disease burden in men is 6.8% of DALYs lost due to coronary heart disease and 5% by stroke (World Health Organization, n.d.). In women, the burden is 5.3% DALYs due to coronary heart disease and 5.2% due to stroke (World Health Organization, n.d.).
NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Globally, the health care costs attributed to smoking-related illnesses lead to US$200 billion per year in a net loss. According to the US CDC (2019), more than 859,000 Americans die of CVDs every year. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US, while stroke is the fifth leading. The two diseases lead to about $320 billion in health care expenses every year (2019).
The WHO (n.d.) Cardiovascular Program works to bring together organizations that can help prevent these diseases. The World Heart Federation helps people achieve longer and better healthy lives through prevention and control of CVDs in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) (n.d.).
In the United States, the CDC Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP) collaborates with the government, public health, health care, and private sectors to improve prevention, detection, and control of CVD risk factors (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Countries across the globe have enacted laws that work to reduce smoking through policies like high taxation, bans, smoke-free areas, and health warnings. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control works to minimize tobacco use in member countries.
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References NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). CDC works to prevent heart disease and stroke and promote heart health. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/heart-disease-stroke.htm
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Cardiovascular disease. https://www.who.int/cardiovasculardiseases/resources/atlas/en/NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
One global health issue that is affecting the international health community, and has been affecting the international health community since its first case in 1981, is HIV. HIV is a virus that is transmitted through certain body fluids that weakens the immune system by destroying cells that fight disease and infection, and can lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, also known as AIDS (Global Health Policy, 2021).
HIV is one of the world’s most serious health and developmental challenges. “Approximately 38 million people are currently living with HIV, and tens of millions of people have died of AIDS-related causes since the beginning of the epidemic” (Global Health Policy, 2021).
Significant progress has been made over the past two decades where the number of people newly infected with HIV and the number of AIDS-related deaths have declined over the years, and the number of those with HIV receiving treatment increased to 25.4 million in 2019 (Global Health policy, 2021). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Although improvements have been made, there are still challenges that continue to complicate HIV control efforts. Many people live with HIV or are at risk due to not having access to prevention, treatment, and care, and there is still no cure (Global Health policy, 2021).
In recent decades, major global efforts have been mounted to address the epidemic, and despite these challenges, significant progress has been made in addressing HIV. International efforts to combat HIV began in the first decade of the epidemic with the creation of the WHO’s Global Programme on AIDS in 1987 (Global Health policy, 2021).
“Under Sustainable Development Goal 3, the global community agreed to aim to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. However, while gains have been made, they have been uneven, and the interim “90-90-90” targets were missed. A United Nations.
high-level meeting reviewing progress toward the 2030 goals will take place in June 2021” (Global Health policy, 2021). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Working together with other countries helps to reduce the vulnerability of the population to illness and works to halt spread of health risks across international borders. “The CDC partners with other U.S. agencies and international organizations to prevent, detect, and respond to any threats regarding global health security; such as ongoing threats like HIV” (Green, 2018).
References:
Green, S. Z. (2018). Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. Retrieved from
https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-
care/v1.1/#/chapter/2NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. (2021, August 9). KFF. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/
Global health issue affecting the international health community
According to World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet, Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally; people of low- and middle-income countries account for three quarters of global NCD deaths (WHO, 2022).
Modifiable risk factors of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, excess weight and obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking all contribute to heart disease and stroke (Green, 2018). NRS-428 Topic 2 DQ 2
Poverty is closely linked with NCDs and rapid rise in NCDs is predicted to impede poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries; this in turn threatens progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which includes the target of reducing death from NCDs between ages 30 and 70 years by one third by 2020 (WHO, 2022). NCDs prevalence is “expected to increase significantly and may exceed communicable diseases as the most common causes of death worldwide by 2030” (WHO, 2022).The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) promotes, coordinates, and implement activities directed towards prevention on NCDs. They raise political and public awareness, they collaborate with multi-sectors and stakeholders with the aim of promoting policies, programs and services that promote and protect health.
The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is a global effort to strengthen the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. For instance, on the eve of the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup 2022, WHO and football icons rally to score a goal for “Health for All” to build healthier future.
This activity organized by the Education Above All Foundation is an effort to put a spotlight on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and well-being (WHO, 2022). In 2020, PAHO developed and launched the initiative RaMPS: Rapid Mobile Phone Surveys as a complementary surveillance to assess policies and interventions on NCDs in adults in countries of the Americas.
Under the United States Government Global Health Security, the CDC works directly with 19 countries to support their progress toward the GHSA targets (CDC, 2022)
References
CDC, (2022). Global Health; Key Achievements of GHSA. Retrieved formhttps://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/resources/factsheets/5-years-of-ghsa.html
WHO (2022). Fact Sheets; Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved, December 13, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
Who (2022). Universal Health Coverage Day, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022. https://www.who.int/campaigns/universal-health-coverage-day/2022
One of the biggest problems in world health is mental illness. It has an impact on how various people will act, think, or respond to certain circumstances. It also has an impact on many people’s memories. Numerous factors, including insufficient sleep, substance misuse, and some medications, such as painkillers, can cause mental illnesses.
These issues include anxiety disorders, sadness, and mental alteration. These mental illnesses affect a large number of people worldwide. The majority of disorders are anxiety-related and mostly affect young individuals.
Worldwide Health systems around the world have been severely harmed by mental health issues. Historically, it has resulted in increased healthcare expenses. It takes a lot of time and effort to address the psychological issue because there is a shortage of mental health specialists. Again, because of this shortage, many people who are experiencing mental health issues may not have access to treatment in the beginning stages, aggravating their diseases and making them expensive and challenging to treat.
A rise in mental health issues has also been correlated with decreased financing for mental health services. The failure to identify disorders at an early stage presents another difficulty in controlling mental health issues. It can be challenging to tell if someone is nervous or depressed since sometimes it seems normal.
The subject of mental health is being addressed by various health systems. Numerous mental health organizations got together in this instance and expressed appreciation for the funds received from the mental health industry. This involves offering tools and spaces for diagnosing and treating mental health issues.
In order to increase the number of mental health workers, training programs have been introduced. To offer experience and skills with evidence-based practice in the field of mental health, healthcare professionals also work together. By doing this, we hope to solve as many mental health issues as possible and enhance patient care.
Pan American Health Organisation. (n.d.). Mental Health – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. Www.paho.org. https://www.paho.org/en/topics/mental-health
Expanding international trade introduces risks, these include global health issues and risks which effect the health of United States either directly or indirectly through outbreaks of foodborne infections, poor quality pharmaceuticals, or contaminated consumer goods (Healthy People, 2021).
The Center for Global Health (CGH) responding when and where health threats arise, working to protect Americans from dangerous and costly public health threats, including COVID-19, vaccine-preventable diseases, HIV, TB, and malaria (Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), 2022).
Malaria has killed billions of people globally over centuries, where according to the latest world malaria report, there was an increase from 241 million cases of malaria in 2020 from 227 million in 2019 (World health organization (WHO), 2021). In 2020, half of the world’s population was at risk of malaria, with infants, children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, immune compromised patients, migrant workers, mobile populations and travelers being in the high-risk population groups (World health organization, 2021).
Many prevention tools and strategies including effective vector control, which is the use of the two core interventions, the insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), and the use of preventive antimalarial drugs have been tried and used to combat the impact in reducing the global burden of this disease.
Preventive chemotherapies are safe, cost-effective medications used to complement ongoing malaria control activities, including vector control measures, prompt diagnosis of suspected malaria, and treatment of confirmed cases with antimalarial medicines (World health organization, 2021).
Just recently, on 6th October 2021, the CDC who provided technical leadership and advice to the U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator approved the first malaria vaccine (RTS,S/AS01) to be given.
This new intervention is supported by the WHO as it has been shown to significantly reduce malaria, especially among young children, it has therefore been recommended as a broad use RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine among children living in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission.
Malaria disease is preventable, but communities, countries and low-income families do not have access to these resources, using evidence-based information and working collaborating to achieve this goal are the following stakeholders, U.S. Global Malaria Coordinator, CDC, USAID in 24 African countries and three programs in the Greater Mekong sub-Region, WHO, including, government, faith leaders, public, community, pharmaceuticals, schools, specialists, and research supporters.
Centers for disease control and prevention. (2022). Global health. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/index.html
Healthy People. (2021). Global Health. Global Health | Healthy People 2020
World Health Organization. (2021). World malaria report. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240040496
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